LDV Real Driving Emissions

Real Driving Emissions (RDE) tests are required for the type approval of Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs). Similarly, In Service Conformity (ISC) Real-World Emission (RWE) tests are required for the type approval of Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs), such as on-road trucks and buses, and In Service Monitoring (ISM) RWE tests are required for some categories of Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) vehicles, such as excavators.
In recognition of the fact that the regulations are different for each of the three main vehicle types, and that testing presents unique challenges for each, we have grouped our solutions as follows.
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